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Archive for January, 2012

Betta Fish, arguably the most favorite type of fish found in the home today across all the world. This fantastic fish displays a vibrant personality whilst posing the most magnificent colour and fin buildings helping to create a truly jaw dropping aquarium that you can show off to your guests!

Originating from the paddy fields of Vietnam, Betta are an fantastic fish and I will be answering in this article the 10 most favorite questions I get asked on a regular basis about Betta Fish. So lets get started…

1. How Do You Stop Betta Fish From fighting?

This is probably one of the most favorite questions I get asked!

In my taste I’ve found a few ways that work…

One way is simply to get a bigger tank. With the bigger tank you can comprise a join of new plants, bear in mind you don’t want to over do it with the plants otherwise you will ruin your fish display (not very tantalizing to your guests!). By manufacture the tank bigger and introducing a few more plants it creates extra hiding places for your Betta when the aggressive one is on the war path!

A second way is to simply separate the aggressive fish from the rest. This can be done by putting a divider into your tank, or by taking the aggressive fish out and putting it into a new tank. I would personally suggest putting a divider into your tank, size permitting of course, as your Betta will know the other Betta Fish are there. It also helps when it comes to the breeding process because introductions would have already been made.

Thirdly, you must Never, I repeat Never put a male Betta in with an additional one male Betta Fish, period! Otherwise, they will fight to the death (this is why they are also known as Siamese Fighting Fish!). So by not retention males together this will sacrifice fighting astronomically.

Female Betta’s have been known to be aggressive and fight in the middle of each other, particularly if you have 2 together. However, this is just an “I’m the leader” thing going on in the middle of them and regularly wears off , but a technique I’ve used and seen have great success to stop this happening is to add a 3rd female into the tank. By doing this any tension in the middle of the old two is removed – try it, you’ll be surprised how sufficient it is!

2. Can You Keep Male and Female Betta Fish Together?

Yes you can. However, I would suggest retention a close eye on the male Betta just in case he becomes too aggressive and the female needs to be removed. As I mentioned above having plants in the tank can help the female hide if the male becomes aggressive.

3. How Do You Tell the distinction in the middle of a Male and Female Betta Fish

I all the time remember the saying “It’s easy when you know how…” when I get asked this question because when I first started breeding Betta Fish it took me ages to recognise the distinction in the middle of a male and a female…

You will tend to find that female Betta’s have fat bellies where as males tend to have a more streamlined structure. Also, you will find that males have a longer body and fins whereas the females are shorter in body size and fin length.

Also, male Betta Fish tend to have more colour and longer pointed anal fins compared to their female counterparts (sorry ladies!). You will also find female anal fins are more level to their body. The anal fin is the rigid seeing fin arrival from the bottom of the Betta Fish.

However, one giveaway of a female is her white spot on the underside of her belly. This white spot is called the ovipositor and is used while the breeding process.

4. What are the Best Caring Tips for Betta fish?

Lots of population have written books on the branch of caring for Betta Fish but I’m going to give you my best tips that I’ve picked up along the way…

- Test your water’s acidity level regularly. A Ph level of 7 works best in my experience.

- Always try and keep the water climatic characteristic at around 75-80 Fahrenheit. I would suggest testing this regularly using a floating thermometer because big drops in water climatic characteristic can cause stress on your fish. Floating thermometers in my taste give the best accuracy reading because they are kept in the tank water.

- Always keep a lid/cover over the top of your tank with air holes in it because Betta Fish can jump and you might not be there to catch them!

- Any filtration ideas should be kept at a low level and you must take care not to put the air intake in such a position that it could cause your Betta to get hurt. Having your filter ideas at a high setting has been known to cause stress to your Betta.

- Try and clean your tank regularly, ideally twice a week. remove bits of food caught under the stones, castles or leaves of your tank.

- As a rule of thumb I suggest 3 quarters of a gallon per Betta fish in your tank. Also, try and get a spacious tank to allow your Betta plentifulness of room to show off their personality, you’ll be surprised some are very tantalizing to watch!

I’ve all the time found if you love your Betta like you love your own then you won’t go far wrong, and with implementing the above you will be well on your way to having truly fantastic Betta Fish.

5. What Should I Feed My Betta Fish?

Surprisingly, Betta Fish are known to be fussy eaters (and you plan us humans were bad!). So it is best to feed them on a range of foods, such as:

- Brine shrimp

- Daphnia

- Frozen Bloodworms

- Blackworms (Tubifex) worms

- Combination Betta Pellets from Pet Shops

- Powder Fish Food if feeding Fry

- Vegetables (such as green beans, not a whole one but in tiny portions)

I tend to find a regular feeding pattern of 2-3 times a day works best for Betta. Try as well to make portions eaten in one sitting otherwise any leftover food could lead to supplementary bacteria in the tank potentially causing disease for your Betta Fish.

6. What are Betta Fish also Known as?

Not a lot of population know this but Betta Fish are also known as Siamese Fighting Fish. The name originates because of the males aggressiveness and their “Fight to the Death” attitude if two males are put in the same tank together.

Betta fish are often referred to as Betta Splendens but this is a type of breed of Betta, which leads us nicely onto the next question…

7. What are the distinct Types of Betta Fish Available?

There are many types of Betta Fish available, the most favorite types I’ve listed below:

- Betta Splendens (the most tasteless type)

- Betta Bellica

- Betta Coccina

- Betta Picta

Some of the most favorite Tail Types of Betta are:

- Veil Tail (this commonly the most tasteless tail type that you find at the pet stores)

- Delta Fish (normally any fish under the 180 degree tail span is determined a Delta)

- Super Delta Fish (normally any Betta with a tail span of 120-180 degrees)

- Fan Tail (the Betta’s tail displays a smoothly rounded edge)

- Half Moon (as it’s name suggest it’s tail is the shape of a half moon – a 180 degrees span, this is the fish most breeders strive to perform and display a truly fantastic colour!)

- Pin (Spade) Tail (the Betta’s tail is pointed at the end)

Depending on what you are seeing for this should hopefully give you adequate data to pick a Betta fish at the pet store!

8. Can I Put Bamboo in With My Betta Fish?

Bamboo or Lucky Bamboo as it is also known, the type that is sold from pet stores, can be put into your tank with your Betta Fish. The bamboo can make your tank look more tantalizing and tantalizing to your guests, which is all the time a bonus!

However, what I suggest is that the bamboo is washed thoroughly before entry into the tank to help ensure there are no chemicals on it that could hurt your Betta. Also, it is a good idea to check the bamboo regularly just to see if it is rotting because it could issue bacteria into your tank’s water that could potentially harm your Betta fish. Changing your tank’s water often will sacrifice the threat of bacteria happening.

9. What Ammonia Level Should My Tank Be At?

Ideally, you want an ammonia level in the middle of 0-0.5. By changing your water regularly (about 30-50% twice a week, if you have high ammonia) this will help sacrifice the ammonia in your tank.

It is a good idea to monitor ammonia levels on a regular basis, because a high level is not salutary for your Betta Fish.

10. Would a Father Betta Harm His Children?

Unfortunately, a male (Father) Betta would harm his children (Fry). Although, the Father is very protective of the Fry while the spawning process it is tasteless for them to assault the Fry as they come to be bigger and able to look after themselves.

I suggest removing the Father from the tank once the Fry are able to swim freely, regularly 7-10 days after birth because he can come to be very aggressive towards them and potentially cause them harm.

That’s the answers to the 10 most asked questions I get on a regular basis. I hope you found this data useful and are able to put it to good effect.

Malaria Scuba Alzheimer

Here is what you need to know about mechanics of pain the

simple way.

Imaging what will happen if you accidentally drop a steam iron on your foot, or miss the nail and hit your thumb instead. He following chain of events will happen inside your body:

Receptors at the location of pain (of which we have numerous numbers throughout our body), using the bodies lymphatic liquids, will send electrical pulses to your brain, many times faster than the speed of

light alerting it to the pain.

The brain reaction is rapid and immediately red blood cells are sent to the place of pain to fix the problem. Receptors will continue to send pain signals to the brain until question fixed. The same thing (more or less) will happen with any pain. Arthritis pain, Neck pain, Back pain, Muscle pain, period pain, Stomach pain,

Headache etc, etc, etc.

Let have a look at the three type of pain.

1. Urgency pain.

Example of this is:

Injuring yourself while the game;

Dropping a heavy object on some part of your body;

Car, bike, or bicycle accident;

Etc …

Two types of Pain cause by Illness.

One Type can be cured and one cannot.

2. Illness Pain Type one (Can be cured, includes surgery, if needed):

Examples of this:

Appendicitis

Broken bones

Etc …

3. Illness Type two (Can’t be cured):

Examples of this:

Arthritis

Some spinal injuries

Etc …

In every type of illness I described, the doctor, after diagnosing the cause, will prescription you a procedure of performance and (in most cases) pain killers as well, to ease your pain.

Let me call it Chemical Pain Killers.

What chemical pain killers will do is block receptors (chemically) to stop them sending signal of pain to the brain. Unfortunately chemical pain killers will not only block receptors on the place of pain, but most receptors on your body. This is why in most cases population feel uncomfortable and have site effects like vomiting, dizzy, nausea etc.

A best solution, in my opinion, is Acupuncture.

I call it Mechanical Pain Killer.

What Acupuncture will do to you is mechanically block exact receptors, which are sending pain signal to your brain. Acupuncturist will insert special needles in exact points of your body, linked to the pain you have, to block the receptors sending the pain signal to your brain.

Technology is marching with triumph with sizable speed in every aspect of our lives and medicine is not an exemption. In the last few years, very good results were achieved in the field of electronic acupuncture. Let me call it Electronic Pain Killers.

A lot of population worry about hygiene and I can assure you that is not for nothing. With so many diseases in the contemporary world, which we never heard about before, it is best to be safe than sorry.

Electronic Acupuncture Massager (Eam) is a contemporary wonder in your Home Therapies collection.

Build on the system of customary Chinese medicine and contemporary Electronic Technologies, Eam producing low frequency electrical pulses. Eam is linked to the pain points on your body straight through the conductive

pads, blocking receptors by sending a disable signal and blocking them this way of sending a signal to the brain.

It is absolute Genius of contemporary technology.

Pulses is not harmful to your body at all and you will have nearly immediate relief from the pain. In most cases Eam comes with an education hand-operated with a diagram of the major acupuncture point positions.

This will give you a huge benefit not only to use Eam to ease most clear pain, such as arthritis, joint, muscle, shoulder, back, neck etc, but to apply contemporary technology to ease pain from other

illnesses as well.

We strongly suggest you see your physician for guidance first.

Sinusitis Photo boarder

Diagnosing appendicitis can sometimes be difficult due to its uncertain symptoms and due to other affections that manifest alike (gastroenteritis, Chron’s disease, etc).

Generally the symptoms of appendicitis are: nausea, vomiting and loss of appetite. Abdominal pain is gift and at first the belly button area will be painful but after a while the pain will move in the right lower side of the abdomen and will be more intense.

This convert of location of the pain is caused by the inflammation of the appendix which continues to spread until it reaches the peritoneum. Only then the pain will stabilize in one area in which the most painful point is the McBurney’s point. If medicine is delayed, the appendix can break and the inflammation will spread in the whole abdomen causing a diffuse abdominal pain.

Fever can setup along with the tenderness in the lower right side of the abdomen. The physician will try to see if rebound tenderness appears when after slowly pressing with his hand on the abdomen and quick release, intense pain appears.

In order to see if you have appendicitis or not the physician will request a blood test to see if the white blood cells are in an increased number. The white blood cells regularly get numerous if an infection occurs in the body. In the first hours of appendicitis their level can be normal but after the infection spreads they will increase their number. A urine test will also be made to eliminate the possibility of a urine infection; Ct and ultrasounds are performed too and are quite trustworthy nowadays helping doctors not only diagnosing appendicitis but also finding other affections inside the body that look like appendicitis.

Barium enema can also be performed to see if you have appendicitis or other affection. This is an x-ray made with a contrast substance called barium. It will show the physician an image of your colon and if there is an inflammation of the appendix. This test can also confirm if gastroenteritis is gift or not.

Unfortunately there is no test 100% spoton and sometimes a period of consideration is needed before conclusions can be dragged.

Surgery will take off the inflamed appendix with the help of the laparoscope. The laparoscope is made of several tubes one containing an optic camera and others surgical instruments. This device will leave a smaller scar than the scalpel, and patients will recover faster after the surgical operation made with the laparoscope. The disadvantage is that the sick person will need a normal anesthesia.

Rhumatoid Stone blind Criminal

The vermiform appendix or otherwise called the Appendix is a tube related to the cecum which is a pouch like buildings in the colon, close to the intersection of the small and large intestine in the lower section of the stomach. This singular section of the body does not have any unavoidable function in the body but it is noted to yield healing issues such as carcinoid tumors, appendix cancer and appendicitis

In early phase, of an appendix issue you can start to encounter mild symptoms. The most legitimately recognizable warning sign is a pain felt near to the navel. If irritation of the appendix continues then the ache begins to move to your lower right section of the stomach as an signal that the ailment is also affecting colse to tissues. This results in the pain to come to be even more agonizing and sharper when the pain finally rest in the lower section of your stomach, next to where the appendix is, at colse to midway from your navel to your upper right pelvic bone. The point is generally known as the McBurney point. When pain is felt in this area it is a major signal that you may be diagnosed with appendicitis.

Likewise, people who suffer from appendicitis can taste lack of potential to pass their wind to alleviate any of the other appendix symptoms. You also can feel other appendix symptoms apart from the pain which need persons need to identified, particularly in kids who may not relay exactly where the region of discomfort is. These further appendix symptoms are loss of hunger, low grade fever, diarrhea, constipation and puffiness in the stomach. It is needful that you seek healing advice if you think you or a family member has appendix inflammation or you are suffering from appendix symptoms, If not you put your condition at risk of casualty from unattended appendicitis. Because greatest appendix inflammation requires immediate healing attention.

Appendicitis is a healing qoute characterized by a swelling of the appendix and is classified as an urgent situation because all cases involve taking out the annoyed appendix, either by laparotomy or laparoscopy. There is a high fatality toll for persons who are not taken care of quickly, specifically because of peritonitis and shock. Appendicitis has been noted as one of the most base causes of greatest acute stomach pain globally. A correctly detected non-acute form of appendicitis is called “rumbling appendicitis”.

Acute appendicitis is understanding to be caused from an obstruction of the appendix lumen. The obstruction lets the appendix to come to be filled with mucus and swollen, increasing the strain within the lumen and the walls of the appendix, can lead to thrombosis and occlusion of the small vessels, and stasis of lymphatic flow. At this time there are uncommon instances, where spontaneous saving can occur. As germs start to escape out straight through the deteriorating walls, pus forms within and over the appendix. The outcome of this situation is appendiceal rupture (a ‘burst appendix’) causing peritonitis, which may lead to septicemia and finally death.

Some of the factors that can cause appendicitis are foreign bodies, trauma, intestinal worms, lymphadenitis, and calcified deposits are known as appendicoliths. The prevalence of fecaliths in patients with appendicitis is significantly greater in industrialized countries than in third world countries, and an appendiceal fecalith is generally related with involved appendicitis. The occurrence of a fecalith in the appendix happens when fecal matter is held back in the right sided, warehouse area in the colon for an total time period. Acute appendicitis has been shown to take place prior to cancer in the colon and rectum. Any studies display proof that eating dinky or no fiber is related to the amelioration of appendicitis because dietary iber helps to cleanse the theory and help prevent waste formation.

Detox Thyroid

Examination of the abdomen involves the usual four skills, except that the order is significantly changed. Inspection is followed by auscultation, percussion, and then palpation, which may distort the general abdominal sounds. The healing practitioner in charge must have knowledge of the anatomic placement of the abdominal organs in order to differentiate normal, startling findings from abnormal ones. Inspection may occur at any time during the examination.

The abdominal cavity is the measure of the trunk from directly beneath the diaphragm and thoracic cavity to the region of the pelvic cavity. The abdominal cavity contains the major organs of digestion, and the pelvic cavity houses the internal reproductive organs, the lower parts of the digestive tract, and the urinary bladder. However, in infancy, the bladder is an abdominal organ.

Inspection
The contour of the abdomen is inspected while the child is erect and supine. Usually the abdomen of infants and young children is quite cylindrical and in the erect position, fairly leading because of the physiologic lordosis of the spine. In the supine position the abdomen appears flat. during adolescence the Usually male and female contours of the pelvic cavity convert the shape of the abdomen to form characteristic adult curves, especially in the female.

The size and tone of the abdomen also give some indication of general nutritional status and muscular development. A large, prominent, flabby abdomen is often seen in obese children, whereas a concave abdomen is often suggestive of undernutrition. However, true note is made of a protruding abdomen with spindly extremities and flat, wasted buttocks suggests severe malnutrition that may occur from inadequate nutritional intake such as kwashiorkor or from diseases such as cystic fibrosis. Likewise, a scaphiod abdomen may indicate dehydration or disphragmatic hernia in which the abdominal organs rise into the thoracic cavity, or a “scaphoid-like” abdomen that only appears sunken in relationship to pneumothorax or high intestinal obstruction. A midline protrusion form the xiphoid to the umbilicus or pubic sumphysis is Usually diastasis recti, or failure of the rectus abdominis muscles to join in utero. In a salutary child a idline protrusion is Usually a difference of general muscular development. A tense, boardlike abdomen is a serious sign of paralytic ileus and intestinal obstruction.

The healing practitioner also notes the condition of the skin surface the abdomen. It should be uniformly taut, without wrinkles or creases. Sometimes silvery, whitish striae are seen, especially if the skin has been stretched as in obesity or with distention resulting from ascites. Any scars, ecchymotic areas, excessive hair distribution, or distended veins are noted.

Movement of the abdomen is observed. In infants and thin children, peristaltic waves guarantee true assessment They are best observed by standing at eye level over from the abdomen. Descriptive peristaltic waves most often indicate athologic states, particularly intestinal obstruction such as pyloric stenosis.

A doctor may explore pulsation of the descending aorta in the epigastric region (midline and below the xiphoid). Although Descriptive pulsations are Usually seens, especially in thin children, the nurse should auscultate and perceive the aorta for any evidence of an aneurysm, a sacklike enlargement of the vessel.

In children under 7 or 8 years of age, breathing is primarily abdominal. If the abdomen fails to move during respiration, even in older children, this may indicate serious abdominal problems. Conversely, if the thoracic muscles fail to move, caused by breathing confirmed to abdominal movement, pulmonary problems may be at fault. Usually chest and abdominal movements are synchronous.

The umbilicus is inspected for herniation, fistulas, such as patent urachus (an abnormal relationship in the middle of the umbilicus and bladder). Discharge, and hygiene, If a herniation is present the sac is palpated for abdominal contents and the approximate size of the opportunity is estimated. Umbilical hernias are tasteless in infants, especially in black children. Since “home remedies” fro rehabilitation such as taping coins over the umbilicus or using “belly binders” may be harmful to the skin and truly delay natural closure, a doctor should ask parents whether such procedures have been used. Umbilical hernias Usually protrude and advance when the child coughs, cries, or strains.

Hernias are looked for elsewhere on the abdominal wall, such as in the inguinal or femoral region. An inguinal hernia is a protrusion of peritoneum through the abdominal wall in the inguinal canal. It most often occurs in males, is often bilateral, and may be Descriptive as a mass in the scrotum. It is palpated by sliding the exiguous finger into the external inguinal ring at the base of the scrotum and asking the child to cough. If a hernia is present, ti will hit the tip of the finger.

A femoral hernia, which occurs more often in girls, is felt or see as a small mass on the previous surface of the thigh just below the inguinal ligament in the femoral canal (a possible space medial to the femoral artery). Its location can be estimated by placing the index finger of the right hand on the child’s right femoral pulse left hand for left pulse) and the middle ring finger flat against the skin toward the midline. The ring finger lies over the femoral canal, where the herniation occurs. Palpation of hernias in the pelvic region, particularly inguinal ones, is often part of the test of genitals.

Auscultation
Each of the four quadrants should be ausculatated using the diaphragm and bell chestpieces. Unlike listening to the heart or lungs. In which the stethoscope rests slowly on the skin, to hear bowel sounds the stethoscope must be pressed firmly against the abdominal surface. With the bessel chestpiece, especially one with a short cone, the skin may occlude the opportunity and forestall transmission of sound.

The most leading sound to listen for is peristalsis, or bowel sounds, which sound like short metallic clicks and gurgles. Loud grumbling noises, known as borborygmi, are the customary “stomach growls” Usually denoting hunger. A sound may be heard every 10 to 30 seconds and its frequency per exiguous should be recorded (for example, 5 bowel sounds/minutes). However, the healing practitioner may need to listen for several seconds before audible peristalsis can be heard. Bowel sounds may be stimulated by stroking the abdominal surface with a fingernail. Absent bowel sounds or hyperperistalsis is recorded and reported, since whether one Usually denotes abdominal disorder.

Various other sounds may be heard in the abdominal cavity. Usually the pulsation of the aorta is heard in the epigastrium. Sounds that look like murmurs (called bruits), hums, or rubs are all the time referred for added evaluation.

Stress Cancer Pregnancy

Anatomy, physiology, and kinesiology are things that every competent Yoga educator needs to know about. The anatomy of Yoga is a whole subject, but also of interest for all students of the art. It is also very prominent for the Yoga students safety that preferably both he and his/her educator possess sufficient knowledge in this regard.

The postures held during Yoga custom are called asanas, and some of them can be physically strenuous. Teachers of Hatha Yoga (includes ashtanga, bikram etc.) do not have to know hundreds of Asanas to teach a Yoga class, but they should obviously be very customary with what they do teach and how it affects the human anatomy.

When looking for a good Yoga educator always check if the educator has received training in basic anatomy. An incompetent and over enthusiastic educator may try to push your body into positions it simply will not go, and this can of policy cause serious injury.

A good place to start is comparative anatomy – which is comprehension the basic skeletal buildings of the body, how the bones differ significantly from person to person, and how to use that knowledge in gaining a much deeper comprehension of our personel Yoga practices.

A good curriculum for studying more about the anatomy of Yoga could look something like this:

- general knowledge of the ideas of anatomy and physiology as applied to varied styles of hatha yoga.

- How breathing expedites movement and posture in your practise, and about how the pelvis and abdomen form the foundation of the body – how these can be strengthened through exercise.

- determination of the basic standing postures, as these are vital for starting students and because they provide a sound foundation for later back bending, send bending, and twisting postures.

- Anatomy and safe practise of inverted exercises such as the headstand and shoulderstand.

- A basic knowledge of the body’s cardiovascular function.

- The best postures for freedom and meditation.

As a Yoga student it can sometimes be too tempting to get caught up in all the minuscule details of the anatomy of yoga rather than focusing on what feels right and good in your body. Especially from a beginners point of view, it may be a good idea to drop the ego in this regard and try to construct an inner feeling for the postures rather than fretting over and enduringly monitoring all the intricate minuscule details.

If you have a good Yoga educator that knows his or her Anatomy of Yoga, you are in safe hands and will receive correction if and when you need it.

Pregnancy Stone blind

Many women touch breast tenderness while the pregnancy. Some women even feel pain and supplementary discomfort. Why do pregnant women have tender breasts? Is it dangerous? How can you cut the tenderness and ache in your breasts?

The first thing you should know about breast tenderness is that it’s a general part of gravidity and is not dangerous. In fact, it’s one of the most common signs of early pregnancy. You ordinarily begin to feel breast tenderness while the second month of your pregnancy.

Breast tenderness occurs due to the many changes which your breasts feel while your pregnancy. Your breasts begin to grow and convert in making ready to feeding your baby. Your breasts are growing and the breast skin is stretching (which may cause stretch marks and sagginess). while your first gravidity your breasts may grow up to two cup sizes. You may feel itching all over your breasts and a great sensitivity in your nipples. Some women even make breast soreness which may be experienced while practice or sleeping on their stomach. What you are sure to feel is that your breasts are much heavier.

There are a whole of things you can do in order to decrease the ache in your breasts:

1. Buy fitting supportive bras – You should spend in a good supportive bra. I suggest getting a bra your breasts can grow into as they will increase in size while your pregnancy.

2. Do some light chest practice – Strengthening your chest muscles will make it easier for you to bear the heavier weight of your breasts. This may also prevent the improvement of stretch marks and sagging breasts.

3. Profess a wholesome diet – If you gain too much weight while your pregnancy, your breasts will grow even further. If you keep your weight gain to a wholesome minimum, you will have an easier time with your breasts.

Follow these 3 tips and you will decrease the ache your breasts may cause you.

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Anatomy:

External Nose:

the external nose – the part of the nose that you see – is there for more than just to make you or your child beautiful. Those cartilage and bone structures are there to keep the nasal airway open. Think of the boxer with the pulverized nose who can no longer breathe through his nose. Anything who has ever broken their nose – elbow during basketball, softball to the nose, Anything – knows that having those structures intact helps keep your nose open, helps keep your breathing clear, open and smooth.

Nasal Cavities:

where all the performance takes place, your nose functions as:

air conditioner – humidification, warming or cooling incoming airstream
filter the incoming airstream of microorganisms and pollutants
immune function – preventing infection by airborne microorganisms
olfaction – sense of smell
voice capability – affects voice resonanceNasal Septum: divides the nose into right and left halves. If the nasal septum is deviated (born like that or acquired from trauma), obstruction can result. If severe enough, septal deviation may warrant surgery (septoplasty) to enhance nasal airway.

Turbinates:

3 swellings along the side wall of the nasal cavity. Their function:

create turbulent airflow – this aides in sense of smell, and helps mucus trap microorganisms and pollutants in the airstream (a good thing)
cover the openings to the paranasal sinuses (why, we don’t know)
alter voice resonance? (we’re pretty much speculating here)Adenoids:

The Adenoids lie in the nasopharynx at the very back of the nose. The adenoid tissue is lymphoid tissue. It looks well, pretty gross. It is complex in killing microorganisms that are captured by the nasal secretions. Those secretions are swept to the back of the lose by cilia motion. This is the area where the nose, sinuses, adenoids and tonsils, and the openings to the Eustachian tubes (to the middle ears), all connect.

Therefore, in a way, the adenoids are sort of a key to holding all things here (nose, sinuses, eustachian tube and middle ears) healthy. Unhealthy adenoids – acute or persisting adenoiditis – can be a cause of major nose, sinus, and ear problems.

If you look at the picture below, taken through the mouth using an angled endoscope, finding forward toward the front of the nose, the top of the palate is at the bottom, you can see the nasal septum in the middle, the nasal turbinates attached to either side of the nose, the Eustachian tube opening on the right side is visible (there is one on the left also), and the adenoids at the top of it all.

If the adenoids are too big, they can block the nose – nasal obstruction. The corollary is strangeness breathing through the nose, and probable rhinitis and sinusitis.

Paranasal Sinuses:

air-filled cavities within the bones of the face, related to the nasal cavities. There is great dissimilarity in sinus shape and size between people. Have uncertain role; some suspect that they help lighten the facial skeleton, sort of like hollow bird bones make them lighter.

The sinuses consist of four paired cavities each of which is named after the bone in which it is located. The four sinus pairs:

the Maxillary sinuses – in bones of cheeks, one on each side. May grow to be as large as 15ml (could hold about 3 tablespoons).
the Ethmoid sinuses – usually 6 – 10 per side, situated between the orbits (eye sockets), up to the skull base. Responsible for more complications from sinusitis than other sinuses, usually keen the orbits (eye sockets) and tissues colse to the eyes. The Ethmoid sinuses are small and irregular, sort of like the “nooks and crannies” that you see when you cut open an English muffin.
the Sphenoid sinuses – 1 or 2 lie in the very middle of the head, surrounded by the pituitary (part of the brain), optic nerves (from the eyes), internal carotid arteries – all leading structures. Rarely a source of sinusitis complications, but due to location, complications can be life-threatening (meningitis, brain abscess).
the Frontal sinuses – situated in the eyebrow area of forehead bone of the skull. usually one each side, but one or both are absent in about 5% of us. Due to the fact that the brain is just behind the frontal bones, sinusitis complications in the frontal sinuses can be serious (meningitis, brain abscess); fortunately this is rare.

Histology:

The lining of the nose is our first line of defense against airborne microorganisms and pollutants. This task is handled by the epithelium through mucociliary clearance (more information about this in other post). The nasal epithelium functions to:

Acts as a physical wall to inhaled foreign materials
Entraps and clears foreign material by…
Mucus secretion (snot) and
Cilia activity
Is an active part of our immune response – contains enzymes and antibodies
Helps health the air we breathe in: warm it, cool it, moisturize itNasal (and sinus) epithelium: is comprised of

cells with cilia
cells without cilia
goblet cells, and
basal cells
transient immune cells – lymphocytes and mast cells

The ciliated and non-ciliated cells help create most of the physical wall as they form a tightly-connected sheet that lines the nasal cavity. This “tight junction” that is formed between these cells, effectively keeps foreign materials – pollutants and microorganisms- from getting into our tissues and bloodstreams. A breakdown in this wall can be dangerous.

The goblet cells produce mucus – snot. Nasal mucus, in the proper viscosity (thickness, stickiness) and amount, is the key to the system of mucociliary clearance working normally. Mucociliary clearance is the holy grail for salutary sinuses. Achieve this, you Achieve respiratory health.

Cilia:

The most leading feature of the respiratory epithelium, are the cilia.

Cilia of the ciliated epithelial cells work together to sweep out the mucus that contains any adherent foreign material, including microorganisms and pollutants.

In order to work normally, these cilia need a positive level of humidity. They are also Very sensitive to airborne pollutants. These include toxins that are in cigarette smoke, in base air pollution, and discrete volatile organic compounds (Voc’s). Voc’s are all colse to us in our synthesized, plasticized, manufactured world. They come out of our cleaning agents, out of adhesives, and out of all that plastic. These toxins preclude the cilia from working properly.

If mucociliary clearance does not function, we can expect persisting respiratory illness, and life-threatening infections can result. These cilia are on the respiratory epithelial cells that line the upper and lower respiratory tract, including the nose, the sinuses, and the middle ear, as well as the trachea and bronchioles. So, if they don’t keep these areas swept clean, the corollary can be infections in those areas: rhinitis, sinusitis, otitis (ear infections), bronchitis, and pneumonia.

The basal cells are progenitor cells – baby cells – that will divide and grow to replace the other cell types when they grow old or are lost due to a toxic environment. The immune response of the nasal epithelium helps us fight off attacks from discrete microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, mold), but if it goes haywire, can conduce to allergic rhinitis.

Immune Function:

Finally, the mucus contains special antibodies and enzymes that:

prevent viruses and bacteria from sticking to the epithelial lining
help our white blood cells to identify viruses and bacteria as invaders and to kill themSorry for the dry, boring anatomy lesson, but it is leading to have some idea of how the sinuses spin to the nose and rest of the upper airway, how it all fits together and how it works, if we are to corollary at holding it all healthy. Thanks for visiting.

Rapid test

The sequence of examining the abdomen changes according to the age and cooperativeness of the child. Frequently all four types of assessments (inspection, auscultation, percussion and palpation) are performed at different times. For example, the curative practitioner may auscultate for bowel sounds following estimation of heart and lung sounds at the beginning of the examination when the child is quiet. Percussion regularly follows lung percussion, and palpation may be done toward the end of the examination when the child is relaxed and more trusting of the curative practitional.

For illustrated purposes the abdominal cavity is divided into four compartments or quadrants by drawing a vertical line midway from the sternum to the pubic symphysis and a horizontal line across the abdomen straight through the umbilicus. This recipe of agency in effect includes the pelvic cavity. Each section is designated as follows: Right upper quadrant (Ruq), Right lower quadrant (Rlq), Left upper quadrant (Luq), Left lower quadrant (Llq).

Percussion
Percussion of the abdomen is performed in the same manner as percussion of the lungs and heart. Normally, paralysis or flatness is heard on the right side at the lower costal margin because of the location of the Liver. Tympany is typically heard over the stomach on the left side and regularly in the rest of the abdomen. An unusually tympanitic sound, like the beating of a tight drum, regularly breathing. However, it can also denote a pathoilogic health such as low intestinal obstruction or paralytic ileus. Lac of tympany may occur regularly when the stomach is full after a meal, but in other situations it may denote the presence of fluid or solid masses.

Palpation
Two types of palpation are performed, superficial and deep. In superficial palpation a physician lightly places the hand against the skin and feels each quadrant, noting any areas of tenderness, muscle tone, and superficial lesions, such as cysts. Superficial palpation is often perceived as “tickling” by the child. Which can interfere with its effectiveness, The nurse can avoid this qoute by having the child “help” with the palpation by placing him with statements such as, “I am trying to feel what you had for lunch”. Admonishing the child to stop laughing only draws attention to the sensation and decreases cooperation. Positioning the child in supinated position with the legs flexed at the hips and knees helps relax the abdominal muscles.

Tenderness in any place in the abdomen while superficial palpation is all the time noted. There are two types of abdominal pain:
1. Visceral, which arises from the viscera or internal organs such as the intestines, and
2. Somatic, which arises from the walls or linings of the abdominal cavity such as the peritoneum.

Visceral pain is regularly dull, poorly localized, and difficult for the sick person to describe. Somatic pain is ordinarily sharp, well localized and more in effect described. When assessing abdominal pain, it is leading to remember that the child will often reply with an “all-or-none” reaction- whether there is no pain or great pain. Therefore all aspects of the examination must be carefully carefully when ruling out conditions such as appendicitis.

A extra phenomenon called rebound tenderness, or Blumberg’s sign, may be performed if the child complains of abdominal pain. It is performed by pressing firmly over the part of the abdomen distal to the area of tenderness. When the pressure is suddenly released, the child feels pain in the customary area of tenderness. This response is only found when the peritoneum overlying a diseased visceral or organ is inflamed, such as in appendicitis.

Deep palpation is used for palpating organs and large blood vessels and for detecting masses and tenderness that were not discovered while superficial palpation. If the child complains of abdominal pain, the area of the abdomen is palpated last. Normally, palpation of the mid-epigastrium causes pain as pressure is exerted over the aorta, but this should not be confused with visceral or somatic tenderness.

The physician palpates the abdominal organs by pressing them with a free hand, which is placed on the child’s back. Palpation begins in the lower quadrants and proceeds upwards. In this way, the edge of an enlarged liver or spleen is not missed. Except for palpating the liver, prosperous identification of other organs, such as the spleen, kidney, and part of the colon, requires needful convention with tutored supervision.

The lower edge of the liver is sometimes palpable in infants and young children as a superficial mass 1 to 2cm (1/2 to inch) below the right costal margin (the length is sometimes measured in fingerbreadths). If the liver is palpable 3cm (1/4 inches) or 2 fingerbreadths below the costal margin, It is carefully enlarged and this finding is referred to a physician. regularly the liver descends while inspiration as the diaphragm moves downward. This downward displacement should not be mistaken for a sign of hepatomegaly. In older children the liver Frequently is not palpable, although its lower edge can be estimated by percussing paralysis at the costal margin.

The spleen is palpated by feeling it between the hand placed against the back and the one palpating the left upper quadrant. The spleen is much smaller than the liver and positioned behind the fundus of the stomach. The tip of the spleen is regularly felt while inspiration as it descends within the abdominal cavity. It is sometimes palpable 1 to 2 cm below the left costal margin in infants and young children. A spleen that is facilely palpated more than 2cm below the right costal margin is enlarged and is all the time reported for added curative investigation.

Other anatomical structures that are sometimes palpable in children consist of the cecum, and sigmoid colon. The cecum is a soft, gas-filled mass in the right lower quadran. The sigmoid colon is left as a sausage-shaped mass that is freely transported over the pelvic brim in the left lower quadrant and is regularly tender.

Although most of these structures are not routinely felt, one should be aware of their relative location and characteristics in order not to mistake them for abnormal masses. The most common palpable lower quadrant because with constipation the left colon fills with stool and gas until the ileocecal valve is reached. The the cecum becomes distended, causing pain, which may be erroneously associated with appendicitis.

Special methods of investigation
Laboratory examination
1. Habit blood examination
2. Urine tests (bile pigments, ketonuria)
3. Biochemical determination (bilirubin total, unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin, protein, cholesterol, AlAt, AsAt, amylase, trypsin and lipase)
4. Biochemical determination of Urine for diastase.

Disorders
1. Syndrome of cholistasis increased level of total and conjugated bilirubin and cholesterol).
2. Syndrome of cytolysis (increased level of AsAt, AlAt, Ldg)
3. Syndrome of dysfunction of pancreas (increased level of amylase, trypsin, lipase)
4. Chain polymerizes reaction for virus of hepatitis A, B, C
5. examination of feces for intestinal parasites (ascarides, lamblia cysts, enterobiosis)
6. Copogram
• Indigested muscular fibers
• Steatorrhea
• Lientery
• Bacteria in the feces

Instrumental methods of examination
1. Esophagogastroduodenoscpy
2. Ultrasound investigation
3. Intragastric pH-metry
4. Colonoscopy
5. Procto(sigmoido)scopy
6. Artificial contrast study of gastrointestinal system
7. Laparoscopy
8. Irrigoscopy and irrigography

Normal laboratory values of biochemical determination of blood
Glucose 3.33-5.55 mmol/L
Bilirubin total 8.5-2.0 mcmol/L
Unconjugated 2/3 of total
Conjugated 1/3 of total
Protein total 60.0-80.0g/L
Alt 0.1-0.75 mcmol/g/L
Ast 0.1-0.45 mcmol/g/L
Amylase 16-32 dye units/L

A estimate of gastrointestinal disorders are caused by disturbances in motor function. Some such as Hirschsprung’s disease, yield typical signs of obstruction and are alternately classified as obstructive disorders.

Stone blind Infection

How to spot malignant mole?

This morning you took a bath. The warm water feels so nice while the cold winter day. There was some funny skin itching on you back. You looked in the mirror, turned this way , that way. There is small mole on your back You remember this spot had been there for years, since childhood. Did this spot get that strange itching?

Recently you have heard the news that there are more than 50000 of new melanoma cases every year. This number grows 3% a year.

What is going on? Is this small spot on you back went out of control?

Several types of skin tumors exist. Many are slow growers. Many give rare metastasis. Easy removal cure majority of skin tumors.

Melanoma brings troubles big time.

Melanos = black, oma = tumor.

You can detect melanoma by self-exam. Skin cancers show themselves much easier than any other types of cancer.

In the same time you can cure melanoma by Easy surgical resection. However, catch this tumor in early stage. Late stage metastasize. Surgeon can not cut off every metastasis in your body.

There are numerous sites dedicated to melanoma self-exam. Just type in the word “melanoma” into any crusade engine. Corollary instructions.

Fair skin habitancy have more chances of getting melanoma. However, dark skin habitancy produce melanoma too.

Everybody has moles. Women even use moles to charm. How to find if your mole became dangerous?

Dangerous signs consist of Abcd:

Asymmetry

Border

Color

Diameter

A- asymmetry. Suspicious mole does not look like a round or oval blot. Often, early melanoma looks rather like a blot with an odd shape.

B- borders. Borders become irregular, uneven, fuzzy. The edges of the blots become notched.

C- color. Color of normal mole should be more or less homogenous. Convert in color is very suspicious . There are shades of brown, black, tan, red. Mottled color is suspicious.

D- diameter. Convert in diameter is suspicious too. Mole that is bigger than 6 mm is suspicious. Every person compares 6 mm to a pencil eraser (though few habitancy absolutely use it extensively). Just to get idea about the borderline size.

Besides Abcd there could be other signs of hazardous mole:

E – enlargement and elevation over the time

Also worrisome signs consist of easy bleeding and erythema (redness) colse to the mole.

Itching and pain in the side of mole make you suspicious as well.

History of melanoma in house should also raise suspicions.

Some skin problems look like melanoma, but are absolutely harmless. Anyway, do not gamble with them. Even experienced doctor can not always tell if the lesion is malignant or not. It is great to be safe then sorry and check the troubling changes soon.

Some rare types of melanoma exist. Because even clear melanomas are not always diagnosed on time, the unusual types becomes much more deadlier. Often doctor sees them too late.

Melanoma under the nails. Melanoma of mucous membranes. (Mouth, nose or guts) Amelanotic melanoma – this one is not even colored.

The treatment will be excision with margins and biopsy, but most important of policy is to catch melanoma Know that the treatment depends on the thickness of the tumor and the proximity of distant metastasis.

Surgeon or dermatologist cuts off the melanoma. Then, Pathologist (doctor specializing in lab diagnostics) looks the sample under microscope.

He classifies the tumor. The grade of the tumor gives the clue to the chances of your survival.

There are some classifications

Breslow classification part the penetration of the lesion into skin by millimeters. Know that > 0.75 mm is already dangerous, but > 4 mm is wacking.

What is 4 mm. It is nothing. Right? Take a ruler and check how 1 mm looks and how 4 mm looks.

So this is why it is important to catch melanoma early.

There is also Clarks classification that measures penetration of the melanoma into the skin and other layers.

Tnm classification standardizes the grading.

You can not know the grade unless you excise and part the melanoma penetration under microscope. It is not a do-it-yourself project. Surgeon and pathologist will do it.

The time of evolvement 1-2 years.

The frequency of melanoma is increasing. It might be because of more habitancy get sun damage. Also other reasons may play role.

Treatment of melanoma includes surgical removal, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy.

Scuba Acne ATM group